While
We have already encountered while loop.

while (expression)
  statement

If the expression results in a non-zero value, statement is executed and the expression gets re-evaluated. This cycle continues until expression yields zero.

Do-while
In contrast with a while loop, a do-while loop checks the condition at the end of the loop, meaning that the loop body gets executed at least once.

do
  statement
while (expression);

The statement is executed, then the expression get evaluated. If it is true (non-zero value), then the statements gets executed again, followed by expression evaluation. Again, this continues until the expression yields false (zero value).
Here is a function to reverse an integer using do-while:

int reverse(int num)
{
  int rev = 0;
  int coeff = 1;
  if (num < 0) {
    coeff = -1;
    num = num * -1;
  }
  do {
    rev = rev * 10 + num % 10;
  } while ((num /= 10) > 0); 
  return coeff * rev;
}

For
The for loop

for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
  statement

is equivalent to

expr1;
while (expr2) {
  statement
  expr3;
}

Although all the three components of a for loop are expressions, usually expr1 and expr3 are assignments or function calls, whereas expr2 is a relational expression. All the components in a for loop are optional, though the semicolons are mandatory.

for (;;) {
  ...
}

results in an infinite loop (could be broken by break or return).

Although the choice of which loop to use is personal, the for loop is preferable when there is a simple initialisation and increment, since it keeps the loop control statements visible and close together at the top of the loop. Example:

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
  ...